Women s Rights Human Rights - 1909 Words

Bianca Martinez June 6, 2017 Research Paper Professor Blajovec Woman’s rights are Human rights No country in the world has achieved complete gender equality just yet. Though some places are further along than others, some are still so far from the finish line that it’s not even in sight. For years, women around the world have been fighting for a stronger voice, and to be respected just as much as the man standing next to them. Despite increased awareness and mobilization at the local and international levels, women and girls in conflict continue to face multiple challenges. Women s rights movements have worked in support of these aims for more than two centuries. Since the 1980s the women s movement has focused on very diverse issues.†¦show more content†¦Planned Parenthood provides low-cost family-planning services, cancer screenings, and other health care to millions of people every year. Trump would have preferred to shut down the government rather than fund Planned Parenthood. According to the New York Times â€Å"Mr. Trump has shown ambivalence about Plan ned Parenthood, voicing support for its health-related services other than abortion, and his daughter Ivanka has urged him to tread carefully on the issue, concerned about the possible political repercussions of the Republican effort to defund the organization altogether. As a middle ground, Mr. Trump has proposed preserving federal funding for Planned Parenthood if it stops providing abortion services. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women have both clearly indicated that women’s right to health includes their sexual and reproductive health. This means that States have obligations to respect, protect and fulfill rights related to women’s sexual and reproductive health. â€Å"Despite these obligations, violations of women’s sexual and reproductive health rights are frequent.† (OHCRH) The denial of a pregnant woman s right to make an independent decision regarding abortio n violates or poses a threat to a wide range of human rights. What so many peopleShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Women s Rights1129 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom this conference, let it be that human rights are women’s rights and women’s rights are human rights once and for all.† On September 5, 1995, 180 countries came together in Beijing China to hear first lady Hillary Clinton s speech about women s rights. This speech was the United Nations Fourth World Conference of Women. The target audience for this speech is governments and other organizations that can help meet the goal of making women s rights human rights. She addressed problems that everyRead MoreWomen s Rights As Human Rights Essay5715 Words   |  23 PagesWOMEN’S RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS ABSTRACT The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal proceduresRead MoreHuman Rights And Women s Rights955 Words   |  4 Pages Over the past few centuries, human rights have evolved all around the world. The main purpose of human rights are to protect people and promote happiness. At one point in history women did not work outside of the home or even have the right to vote. This day in age, women have more rights, but society still finds ways to discriminate against them and limit their rights. In third world countries women are also treated as inferior because of their appearance, race, a nd religion. Everyday in thirdRead MoreWomen s Rights Are Human Rights991 Words   |  4 PagesHilary Clinton. In the speech, Clinton made the famous remark, â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights†. Since the speech, focus on gender equality has increased, especially in the workplace. Yet, some industries, like private equity, continue to have problem in attracting women. Private equity firms have become increasingly aware of the need to get more women involved. But how big is the problem and are new perks the way to go? Women in Private Equity Preqin’s latest research in March didn’t paint a veryRead MoreHuman Rights And Women s Rights880 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights abuse is the breakthrough for countless altered nations in the 20th century. Citizens from every country privileges were abused, they dealt with violence and strived for independence. Being denied freedom in their country! Many different people with power who established the law in terms of what many thought was the best for the people brought it out. A big major issue was women’s rights that were and still are examined as lower to men. Years after of plenty of hard work and battlingRead MoreDiscrimination Against Women s Human Rights1005 Words   |  5 PagesOne’s Human Rights Prompt: Why has it been difficult for indigenous peoples to claim human rights? Was it equally hard to establish women’s human rights to freedom from violence? Consider a series of factors such as the nature of their rights claims and the political context within which these claims were made in discussing the similarities and differences between these two cases and the process through which they became defined as human rights. The idea that indigenous people have rights is relativelyRead MoreWomen Of The United States And The World Is Violating A Person s Human Rights1364 Words   |  6 PagesStates and the world was and still is violating a person’s human rights. For century’s women, African Americans, gays, and lesbians were the grunt of such unfair treatment. Men thought a women place was in the home, cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the kids. Whites thought that black people did not deserve any rights because of their skin color. People where against gays and lesbians because of their sexual preference. In some countries women are not allowed to work. In India a great part of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary H. Cooper s Article, Women And Human Rights1236 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicts around the world, many women and girls are left with physical scars and emotional anguish that serve as a reminder of the agony they experienced when receiving violent punishments. These acts of violenc e, which are viewed as an infringement of their human rights, are given as social punishments for, seemingly, minor infractions. This, unfortunately, is the circumstance many women face, as described by author Mary H. Cooper in the article, â€Å"Women and Human Rights†. The author’s purpose is toRead MoreMary Prince s A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women : Slaves As Human Beings Or Animals?2119 Words   |  9 PagesCatherine Vo 1203565 Dr. Grace Kehler ENGLISH 3M06 05 November 2014 Mary Prince’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Slaves as Human Beings or Animals? Throughout Mary Prince s narrative, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, it is clearly evident that the brutal treatment from Prince s mistresses, which she inflicts upon her slaves, is a common occurrence. Through her perspective, she tells the readers about the harsh treatment she receives from both her masters and mistresses. By doing soRead MoreWomen s Education : An International Human Right Without Any Discrimination Based On Sex895 Words   |  4 PagesWomen`s education is an international human right without any discrimination based on sex or gender. It is necessary for identity social development and a means for a prosperous life. Constantly, the United Nations emphasized women`s education and set goals for its success with gender equality. Empowering women`s education is an essential element in growing societies that seek democracy and economic advancement. For the last decade, Palestinian women education had been the concern for several reasons

The Physics Of Atomic Theory - 1142 Words

Science would not be where it is today if not for those who have devoted a great deal of their life to making new discoveries and figuring different aspects of the universe. Over 30 different scientists have added on the development of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but less than 50 have majorly impacted the way we view atomic theory today. Discovery and experimentation on the atom first began in the Greek Era with scientists as old as Democritus and Aristotle. Democritus was believed to be the first person to touch on the atomic theory. He stated that he†¦show more content†¦He also published a table of atomic weights. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the most important tables in the history atomic development. He arranged the atoms into 7 groups with similar properties, and published his first periodic table of elements. Not only did it organize things tremendously, but also allowed Mendeleev to predict new elements. After him in 1873, came James Clerk Maxwell who proposed that electric and magnetic fields filled the void. Six years later in 1879, Sir William Crookes made an enormous discovery... He studies the effects of sending and electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. This electrode was called a cathode and the particles were cathode rays. He discovered that cathode rays travel in strai ght lines from the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a possible negative charge; cause pinwheels in their path to spin showing they have mass. In 1896 while studying the effect of x-rays on photographic film, Henri Becquerel discovered some chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very penetrating rays. He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight, believing that uranium absorbed the sun’s energy and emitted it as x-rays. This hypothesis was considered to be a failure because it was overcast in Paris, however Becquerel developed his plates anyways and the images were still clear! This proved

A Comparative Outlook on Lady Macbeth and Medea free essay sample

From ancient theater of Greece and Rome to modern stylized versions of it, stereotypes of monstrous women have always been present; ranging from ancient Greek tragedian Euripides’s Medea to Oscar Wilde’s sexy Salome and Cinderella’s step-mother. In the current paper, two characters are compared due to the limitations of space assigned. The two characters are Lady Macbeth and Medea. The former is a character in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, and the latter a character by Euripides in a play by the same name. Both plays are tragedies and both of these characters are called evil in many anthologies and essays. Even painters have brutally portrayed these characters as she devils with horrible faces. But calling them simply by these names is a misnomer and many traits of these characters, if analyzed deeply, are naturally present in all of us. Lady Macbeth and Medea have many things in common with each other: ambitiousness, aggressiveness, intelligence and scheming and many more. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparative Outlook on Lady Macbeth and Medea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And some of the qualities are not present in both characters e.g. love, power and etc. Shakespeare, being a renaissance English writer, was familiar with Holinsheds Chronicles (1587) which was a history of England, Scotland and Ireland. And it has been said that, his character’s origins are from this book but with some modifications: whereas in the Chronicle Macbeth is an admired monarch but in Shakespeare’s play he is a usurper. The secondary source for Shakespeare’s Macbeth is said to be the legend of Medea, a sorceress and princess who murdered her own children. Her act has been said, may have influenced Shakespeare’s portrayal of Lady Macbeth. Medea was the central figure of ancient Greek and Roman plays by the playwrights Euripides and Seneca. The story of Medea was known orally by folks at the time of Euripides. So the originality of the work lies in its manner of expression and making the play his own, not the subject matter. The unbound emotion and passion pictured by Medea defied moral norms of Athens. Euripides was one of the prominent ancient Greek tragedians, but he is also called the â€Å"darkest†, â€Å"most disturbing† and â€Å"most innovative† of them. He challenges authority and hollow or hypocritical ideals, and on the contrary

Jane Elliot †A Class Divided

Background Discrimination has taken many definitions over the years. However it can basically be said to be a representation of prejudicial treatment to a person for membership in a given category or group. It is the relationship that exists between one group to another and the actual manner in which they treat each other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Elliot – A Class Divided specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It mostly involves restriction denial and withholding of opportunities or access to such opportunities to an individual of a certain category. Such preferential treatment need not cause harm to be discrimination. It is enough to give worse treatment to an individual over another for some pertinent arbitrary reason. Argument In 1968, Riceville, Iowa teacher, Jane Elliot, watched in horror as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. She was greatly concerned at how discrimination was being p erpetrated in society with sheer ignorance of the damage and pain it was causing to the discriminated people. In an attempt at passing the message against discrimination to her 3rd grade students she attempted to give a lesson to sensitize the class on the effect of the vice. However this was an exercise in futility since like their parents and the society around them they did not understand or have a feel of what discrimination was. In fact some of the children only saw black people on the television. The topic as therefore discussed lightly and with ignorance. She therefore used a practical example of discrimination in which she separated the class into two groups. The first group was made up of children with blue eyes while the other was made of children with brown eyes. She then proceeded to praise the group of children with blue eyes as against those with brown eyes. The children were made to believe that the children with blue eyes were more superior and were more intelligent and therefore deserved to be treated better. The children with blue eyes were given advantages and privileges over their brown eyed friends such as more time during breaks and more teacher attention. They were also warned against interacting with their fellow brown eyed class mates and they were not to play with them. The brown eyed students were also made to wear blue scarf’s that would be used to identify and distinguish them from other children. On the second day, the blue eyed children took their turn and were made to wear the scarfs. Jane Elliot altered the mindset to portray the blue eyed students as lazy and rude. They were also made to suffer lesser privileges such as not going to play as well as a single share of lunch as opposed to going for a second share for those who were not satisfied. The brown eyed students were also given more teacher attention and received more congratulatory remarks form their teacher as opposed to their blue eyed classmatesAdvertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The response at the end of the two day exercise was exhilarating. The effectiveness of this method in delivering knowledge and affecting the learning process was very good. The children voluntarily condemned the vice of discrimination and gave their feel of the activity. The sense of imprisonment oppression and segregation was deeply felt by the students who when asked to dispose of the blue scarf’s that were used to identify the children who were of a different group choose to tear them up. This intriguing and aggressive sense of remorse shows how deep discrimination goes in offending the individual or person. The experience as reviewed by the students fourteen years later was a total success in cementing and embedding the principles and values against discrimination. Most of the students grew up to enforce the doctrines and moral of the analogy against discri mination to their wives children friends and fellow members of society. They became bolder at proclaiming their stand against discrimination. Teaching method used Jane Elliot employed a marriage between collaborative and participatory teaching methods. She allowed the students to facilitate her teaching process while in the process allowing them to teach and learn from each other. Undeniably other teaching methods such as lecturing and explaining would have had little success at accessing the young mind let alone solidify the knowledge amidst the societal approach to the issue. The method creates an interactive collaboration between the teacher and the student allowing the class to be more practical and realistic. This goes against the grain of most education systems and methods in the contemporary teaching pretext that are more skewed towards an explanatory method of teaching. Practicality and reasons thereof In the modern day information and technology context the method would fac e certain pertinent challenges that stream from the structural and situational changes that have occurred in the learning environment. For instance, Students learning through electronic methods have little time for the interpersonal interaction with fellow classmates except in instances where it is absolutely necessary. It would therefore be quite difficult to implement the method in a virtual classroom where students are distantly located. The method would however still work in the rural and most modern learning environment where there the class room set up still exists. It will however require certain pertinent modification in its manner of delivery and execution to involve more modern concepts and analogies within the method. This essay on Jane Elliot – A Class Divided was written and submitted by user Brooklyn Powers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

my brother sam is dead Essays

my brother sam is dead Essays my brother sam is dead Essay my brother sam is dead Essay Essay Topic: Dead Souls uniform at the Meeker tavern one rainy April evening in 1775. Weve beaten the British in Massachusetts, Sam exclaims, beginning a fght with Father, who is staunchly loyal to the English government and king. Sam explains to the people around the table how the Minutemen lay a surprise attack on the British Lobsterbacks in Lexington. Sam basks comfortably in all the attention. Father asks him a series of skeptical questions, including who fired the first shot. Sam does not know who fired first. The dinner guests, the minister Mr. Beach and several farmers, all support England, and they take Fathers side, arguing with Sam about the cause, uestioning whether the loss of thousands of lives is worth saving a few pennies in taxes. Tim explains the religious background of the town of Redding. People built their houses according to the church they attended, either Anglican or Presbyterian. Tims family lives in Redding Ridge, which signals that they are Anglicans and therefore loyalist. Tim does not feel he is particularly tied to the loyalist or Rebels, which worries him. Tim speaks of the effects of the war on his home life. He had thought the war would bring battles and great change to his quiet Connecticut village, but it has not. There are no marching armies, no cannons, and no food shortages. There are Just lots of talk about the war, as there always was. Occasional the arguments get heated, as when Father throws a man out of the tavern for subversion, by which he means criticism of the British army. Betsy often stops by to listen to conversations, but Tims mother always shoos her along. Tim racks his brain to think of an excuse to get away so he can visit Sam. As he chops wood, Tim sees a troop of Rebel soldiers clad in blue uniform, approaching the tavern on horseback. Tim follows them to the tavern, cracking open the door to see his mother held up at unpoint and his father trying to wrestle his way out of the grip of several soldiers who are holding him and demanding his gun. Father tells them that Sam took it. Tim finds Sam sleeping with the Brown Bess in his arms. Knowing Sam to be a heavy sleeper, Tim carefully moves Sams arms, gets the gun, and sneaks away. Sam wakes and chases Tim, catching Tim and demanding the gun back. By January of 1776, Tim has yet to see any actual fghting, but the effects of the war are becoming visible. Food and guns disappear quickly, and soldiers steal cattle all across the countryside, esperate to feed themselves and their troops. Tim says the worst part of the war is missing Sam, worrying about him, as enwing him his glory. Tim realizes that in the eyes of a younger brother, everything an older brother does seems brave and grown- up, even milking the cow. Once Tim has decided that he wants to run Mr. Herons errand, he waits for an excuse to see Mr. Heron. Within two days, this excuse comes when Mr. Heron orders a keg of rum from the tavern and Father sends Tim to deliver it. At the delivery, Tim volunteers to run the errand. Mr. Heron asks Tim to set out ith a letter the following morning. The next morning, Tim tells his father that he will be fishing all day. While walking, Tim runs into Betsy, who spies the letter and begins to tease Tim about it being a love letter. Tim lies and says he is going fishing, thinking that he hates lying and lying is a sin. As they set out, Tim enjoys the young children watching him. He is proud to be doing an adult task. Father and Tim are stopped in Ridgebury by six cow-boys, armed cattle thieves. The cow-boys ask Father where he New York, and his beef will go to feed the enemy army. Tim meets his cousins, the Platts, for the first time. Four girls sleep in a tiny clapboard house and the two boys sleep in the barn. Tim feels grateful to have grown up in the tavern, which always had plenty of room for himself and Sam to sleep comfortably. In a cozy scene, the Platt family, Tim, and Father sit around a fireplace. Tim observes that he felt shy about meeting them, but they do not feel shy, because they are in their house. Father and Tim leave early the next morning and have no more trouble as they approach Verplancks Point, thanks to escorts along the way. Tim is impressed by the size and eauty of the Hudson River and astounded when they arrive in Verplancks and see the widest part of the river and the fisherman in their skiffs. When Tim and Father leave from the Platt house, the snow has covered the land and the ground is slippery and hard to travel. Their escort home has not met them, due to the heavy snowfall. They trek on, Tim behind with the cattle and Father riding ahead on his horse to check on the safety of the road. In June of 1777, Tim and his mother find out that Mr. Meeker is dead. He died of cholera on a prison ship, and his last words were that he oved his family and forgave Sam. Two days later, Tim finds out that Jerry Sanford also died on a prison ship, and the soldiers buried his body at sea. Mrs. Meeker says war turns men into animals, a phrase she will repeat several times. Tim continues tending to the tavern. Prices are rising and merchandise is short, and everybody is buying things on credit. Tim has eight cows as pay from people who owe him money, and is debating about how to make the greatest profit from them. For the next few weeks and months, the officers remain in Redding and come to the tavern for rum. Sam returns as often as he can, continually pressuring Tim to get rid of the cattle and speaking of the exhaustion of the soldiers. One evening as Sam sits talking with Tim, the two brothers hear strange noises outside. They dash to the barn and see that four cows are missing. Tim runs to Colonel Parsons to proclaim Sams innocence. Colonel Parsons is asleep, and his men instruct Tim to return the next day. Tim goes to tell his mother the news. She has an awful foreboding feeling and insists that they pray together. They kneel in prayer before going outside, cutting up the dead cow, nd herding the three remaining ones into the barn. When Tim finally speaks with Colonel Parsons the next day, he learns that General Putnam wants to make an example of someone. Mrs. Meeker dresses warmly and goes to speak with General Putnam. General Putnam refuses to consider Sams case again. Sam is to be executed with other convicted criminals on Tuesday, February 16. Tim weeps when he hears the news and fury wells up inside him. The Sunday before the execution, the entire town is required to go to a church service praying for the souls about to be executed. Mrs. Meeker refuses to go. Tim goes but leaves in tears in the middle of it. Tim leaves the house without a plan, and without feeling cold or sad or anything other than a simple determination to help Sam. Tim wonders whether prisoners about to die worry about keeping warm, and concludes that they probably do. At the encampment, the guard is asleep. A bag is placed over his head and he is led in front of the gallows, several feet away from the soldiers who were about to shoot him. When the muskets are poised for fire, Tim cries out, Dont shoot him! Shots ring out, and Sam writhes on the ground, Jerking, on fire from the shots and still alive. Quickly,

Preventing and Recovering Lost Work on the Computer

Preventing and Recovering Lost Work on the Computer Its a terrible sinking feeling that every writer knows: searching in vain for a paper that took hours or days to create.  Unfortunately, there probably isnt a student alive who hasnt lost a paper or other work on the computer at some point. There are ways to avoid this terrible plight. The best thing you can do is educate yourself and prepare ahead of time, by setting up your computer to save your work and create a backup copy of everything. If the worst happens, however, there may be some ways to recover your work when using a PC. All Your Work Disappeared! One problem that can startle a writer is seeing everything disappear instantly as you are typing. This can happen if you accidentally select or highlight any portion of your work. When you highlight a passage of any length- from a single word to a hundred pages- and then type any letter or symbol, the program replaces the highlighted text with whatever comes next. So if you highlight your entire paper and accidentally type a â€Å"b† you’ll end up with only the single letter. Scary! Solution: You can fix this by going to Edit and Undo. That process will take you backward through your most recent actions. Be careful! You should do this immediately before an automatic save occurs. If you cant locate the Undo button, try Ctrl-Z, the keyboard shortcut for undo. Your Computer Crashed Or your computer froze, and your paper disappeared! Who hasn’t suffered this agony? We’re typing along the night before the paper is due and our system starts acting up! This can be a real nightmare. The good news is that most programs save your work automatically about every ten minutes. You can also set up your system to save more often. Solution: It’s best to set up for an automatic save every minute or two. We can type a lot of information in a short time, so you should save your work frequently. In Microsoft Word, go to Tools and Options, then select Save. There should be a box marked AutoRecover. Make sure the box is checked, and adjust the minutes. You should also see a selection for Always Create a Backup Copy. It’s a good idea to check that box, as well. You Accidentally Deleted Your Paper! This is another common mistake. Sometimes our fingers act before our brains get warmed up, and we delete things or save over them without thinking. The good news is, those documents and files can sometimes be recovered. Solution: Go to the Recycle Bin to see if you can find your work. Once you locate it, click on it and accept the option to Restore. You may also find deleted work by finding the options to Search Hidden Files and Folders. Files that are deleted don’t really disappear until they are overwritten. Until then, they may be stored on your computer but â€Å"hidden.† To try this recovery process using a Windows system, go to Start and Search. Select Advanced Search and you should see an option for including hidden files in your search. Good luck! You know You saved It, but You can’t find It! Sometimes it can seem like our work has disappeared into thin air, but it hasn’t really. For various reasons, we can sometimes accidentally save our work in a temporary file or another strange place, which makes us feel a little crazy when we try to open it later. These files can be difficult to open again. Solution: If you know you’ve saved your work but you can’t find it in a logical place, try looking in Temporary Files and other odd places. You may need to do an Advanced Search. You Saved Your Work on a Flash Drive and Now You’ve Lost It! Ouch. There’s not much we can do about a lost flash drive or floppy disk. You could try going to the computer where you worked to see if you can find a backup copy through an advanced search. Solution: There is a better way to avoid losing work if you are willing to take preventive measures ahead of time. Each time you write a paper or other work that you can’t afford to lose, take time to send yourself a copy by email attachment. If you get into this habit, you will never lose another paper. You can access it from any computer where you can access your email. Tips to Avoid Losing Your Work Use an online backup like iCloud and save often.If you’re working on a lengthy paper, always send yourself a copy by email attachment every time you update it.Always save a few versions every time you stop working. Save one to an external drive and one to the hard drive.Get In the habit of choosing the Yes option when the computer asks if you want to save changes. There are very few reasons for selecting No, so think carefully about what you’re doing every time you shut down your program.Sometimes we accidentally save two versions of our work, so one will be more updated than another. This can cause serious confusion. Avoid opening an old version that hasn’t been updated by sorting your documents by Date when you open them.

Rhetoric & Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Rhetoric & Stereotypes - Essay Example ho are in the tattooed group are considered to be freaks, drug, addicts, criminals, weirdoes, tough and are always around bad people (Macrae, Stangor, Miles, 1996). These stereotypes are all negatives. The senior citizen group is taken to be made of people who are unwilling to accept new things, stuck in the past, silent and low movers who are hard at hearing. These stereotypes are both positive and negatives. Politicians use what looks like rational language that may in fact be false in their speeches so as to satisfy their own desires and interests. Another language common with the politicians is personal attack ad hominem (Bodenhausen and Macrae, 1994). The language is mostly used to shield the politician from the other groups of politicians. Usually this is done in a show of dislike for the other individual. A common language among the tattooed people is subjectivism (Macrae, Stangor, Miles, 1996). This is based on the assumption that whatever is true to an individual may not be true to the other. The language is used to justify their acts of misbehavior because most tattooed people are associated with negative activities. The feminist get a lot of attacks as many people do not want to accept their way of life hence they are never approved and are considered to be weak. Scare tactics are used to undermine their efforts to justify their way of living within the society (Ninvalle, 2004). The stereotypes are meant to undermine or intimidate someone into not doing some things. For example, a feminist can be intimidated due to the fact she is a woman and women are considered weak within the society. Senior citizens are the most neglected and stereotyped people within the society and the language commonly used is genetic fallacy according to Bodenhausen and Macrae (1994). This involves rejecting a claim based on origin or history. These stereotypes are usually half truths and they are based on assumptions that have little or no evidence. In conclusion, the

Aspects of contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aspects of contracts - Assignment Example 34). Offer is very important in contracts because it shows the willingness of parties to enter into an agreement. When a business entity offers its promise under certain conditions, the other party must accept the conditions and in turn give an offer in order to form a contract. Offers are very crucial because they create an avenue for contracting parties to enter into a legal relationship leading to acceptance (Emerson 2009, p. 34). Acceptance is another important element of a contract that makes parties agrees to the terms of the offer. When a business gives an offer to the suppliers through an advertisement, it shows that, the business accepts the contract (Emerson 2009, p. 35). If the suppliers do not accept the offer despite the favourable conditions associated with it, the contract is deemed invalid. Legal laws guiding acceptance of the granted offer requires that there should be proper communication so as to satisfy the both parties. In contracts, each party will feel considered if it gets something in return after giving its promise. Consideration is an important element of contracts because the contracting parties receive promises, which makes them feel represented in any agreement. Consideration for a promise makes legally binding contracts rather than gratuitous contracts that cannot be protected by the courts (Emerson 2009, p. 36). Contracting parties ought to be adults in order to form valid contracts. In addition, the parties should compose of people with full mental capabilities such that they are not mad (Emerson 2009, p. 36). Agreements between companies are considered certain when they are apparent to the basic terms of a contract. If the contracting parties are unaware of the legal requirements of contracts, they are likely to form invalid contracts, which are not easily enforceable (Emerson 2009, p. 37). Sales

Working in groups Essay Example for Free

Working in groups Essay 1) Explain the difference types of groups that suit in the workplace a) FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS. Formal groups can be addressed to the staff as a whole, to selected groups of employees or to an individual in the company; such examples can be job appraisal procedures, reports, consultative document, etc. Informal groups in this way means talking but a two-way communication process in all its forms. These groups serve a counter organizational function, attempting to offset in a business. b) SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM. Short term is when an employee is working for a short period of time where as long term is when an employee is work more then that. Being in a group for a shirt time may not give the group all its best, but this can only change by stay for a long period of time. e) QUALITY CIRCLES Discussion groups that meet regularly to identify problems consider alternative solutions and recommend them to management. This forms an important part of a companys programme of continuous improvement. Quality circles may be summarised as following: * They are small groups of workers who meet voluntarily and appoint their own group leader. * They meet on a regular basis, often after work * They are usually from the same work area * Their purpose is to identify, investigate, analyse and solve- related problems. * They present their solutions the management. 2) Why is it of important to mangers individuals to encourage working in groups or teams? It is important for to mangers individuals to work in groups or teams because this can: * Increase listening skills * Shared work load * Work is completed quick * Increase motivation * Shared ideas * Shared responsibility * Developing team confidence * Problem solving * Specific skills 3) Explain fully Belbins team theory. Belbin team roles describe a pattern of behaviour that characterises one persons behaviour in relationship to another in facilitating the progress of a team. The value of Belbin team-role theory lies in enabling an individual or team to benefit from self-knowledge and adjust according to the demands being made by the external situation. Identifying a persons team Role helps: * Improve self awareness and personal effectiveness. * Foster mutual trust and understanding between work colleagues. * Team selection and team building. * Match people to jobs more effectively. Managers must understand that people bring more than their skills and experience to a team, they bring their personalities as well. Utilizing peoples behavioural strengths to create a balanced team adds greatly to both group and personal performance. It shows that although each team member in an example team has a functional role, they also have team roles. These are critical to the teams success. Belbin explains that teams with fewer members may need people to perform dual roles. He shows how behavioural skills can be assessed and how, with care, teams can be constructed that take account of hierarchies as well as personal interaction. 4) Why is it useful ensuring the success of working groups? Work can be made more efficient. Mistakes are likely to be made which also means more ideas are created. A feeling of belonging can be created which could also lead them to be motivated and this creates a better atmosphere. Extra work can be don which can have a knock on effect on any other groups if any. This may lead to increase of production and therefore increase of profit. 5) How do organizations use groups to achieve? a) Targets Groups are there two create ideas, plans and strategies. They can be part of these in order to achieve the target they are set. Each member of the group can be allocated a particular task, so the target is easier to achieve, this can help moral and motivation. This will then result in increased efficiency of completing the task b) Share Skills The work will be shared which makes it quicker to complete. This will motivate the employees to work quicker and faster and share all ideas amongst the group. Along with this is essential that work is shared with equal responsibility. Team confidence will build and problems which occur amongst the group can also be solved. Some people may have specific skills that others may not have; this can lead to good ideas, which can result of a good quality of work performance c) Ideas Goals Ideas are taken 4rm all individuals in the group and then summarised and put together to make a big discussion or point. Every idea brought up can be widened out or also described as a schema. Employees will be motivated and the business will be come more successful. This will lead the business to become more higher ranked. The business will be getting the best of its ability of the groups ideas, which will associate it to become more successful.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay -- Biography Biographies King Luther Essa

Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. not only spoke with purpose but also with a style unlike any others. He was an inspirational speaker and a motivational leader. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., due to his importance in the civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's, motivated masses with his tremendous speeches and actions. Dr. King utilized his charisma and inspirational tactics to change the views and beliefs of a nation and to lead his people throughout their course of the civil rights movement. His personality consisted of every good characteristic needed of a leader. He was sensible at all times and his ability to clearly state his ideas and thoughts surrounding peace and equality in the United States. There were other rights movements going on at the same time that Dr. King was leading his peaceful rights movements. The Black Panthers and other militant groups, some under Malcolm X's philosophy, often time would question King's leadership. King spoke in an eloquent manner and his abil ity to persuade and inspire is rivaled by none. Martin Luther King Jr. lived an exemplary life and although it culminated in his assassination, the strides that Dr. King made for the civil rights movement and his numerous speeches that inspired a nation such as his â€Å"I have a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speech, should never be forgotten nor ignored. The â€Å"I have a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speech is one of the most powerful speeches ever and is a main focus of the life of the great Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King was born on January 15th, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin was the second child in the family whose parents were the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. He was the first son of the family, and his older sister was named Christine King. His actual real name was Michael Luther King, but â€Å"he was renamed "Martin" when he was about 6 years old† (Seattle). King's education is one of the normal sorts for a child growing up in the mid 1900's. He went through the regular educational system. Until his junior year, Martin Luther King was always an above average student, but once his junior year hit he received excellent marks on his college entrance exams which granted him admittance to Morehouse College an entire year earlier that expected. Also, Martin Luther King was so above average in his earlier years that he also skipped the ninth grade entirely... ...eaks in the same manner as always when he declares, â€Å"Somehow this madness must cease. We must stop now. I speak as a child of God and brother to the suffering poor of Vietnam. I speak for those whose land is being laid waste, whose homes are being destroyed, whose culture is being subverted. I speak for the poor in America who are paying the double price of smashed hopes at home and death and corruption in Vietnam. I speak as a citizen of the world, for the world as it stands aghast at the path we have taken. I speak as an American to the leaders of my own nation. The great initiative in this war is ours. The initiative to stop it must be ours† (King 1967). King was one for peace, whether it is on the home front, in the home, at the workplace, or around the world. He tried to limit the amount of trouble in the world. He was monumental in changing the views of a nation and helping to end segregation, inequality, and discrimination in the United States. Such a man who has caused such great change as King has, should be respected, admired, and given gratitude by all for his undying efforts to end the oppression that African Americans had been dealing with for hundreds of years.

Why Was Slavery Abolished in 1807/1833?

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade which began in the early 16th century, gained ground in the following three centuries and was eventually abolished in the 1800s. By the late 18th century, the British population began to find the slave trade both morally and financially disagreeable. The four main factors which contributed to the abolition of the slave trade were the campaigns of the white middle class, the mass support from the white working class, the protestations by the black slaves and the economic impracticality of the trade. The abolition was successful mainly due to the effort of the middle class, which surged ahead in its demands for the freedom of the African slaves and was amply backed by the other three factors. _____________ One could argue that the white middle class campaigners were the prime influence in the abolition of the slave trade, as they initiated and persisted with the anti-slavery movement. The campaigners ranged from uneducated yet enlightened people like Granville Sharp, through Methodist clerics like George Fox, to established politicians like William Wilberforce. They were appalled at the inhuman treatment meted out to the African slaves and took it upon themselves to fight for their freedom. This contributed greatly to the final abolition of the trade. George Fox, the pioneer of the movement, founded a group called the ‘Quakers’, which comprised of evangelical white campaigners who believed in the Christian values of equality in the eyes of God. In 1783, they sent their first petition to the Parliament in which they wrote ‘that a nation professing the Christian Faith, should so far counteract the principles of humanity and justice as by a cruel treatment of this oppressed race, to fill their minds with prejudices against the mild and beneficent doctrines of the Gospel’; aiming this argument towards the religious members of Parliament. A similar petition was sent to Parliament two years later. Their speeches, essays and letters conveyed that their ‘fellow-creatures’ who were held in ‘cruel bondage’ were ‘entitled to the natural rights of mankind’, thereby appealing to the moral passions of both the Parliament and the public. While the written word was used to persuade the Parliament to pass the bill, the spoken word was used to raise awareness and convince the masses to join the cause. Granville Sharp, a prominent abolitionist, was an apprentice to a Quaker linen draper until he quit after learning about the treatment of black slaves. He took up the case of a slave, Jonathan Strong, in 1765. Strong ran away after being brutally beaten by his owner. Sharp was moved by Strong’s condition and took the case to court where justice was served to Strong after three years. After the case gained publicity, Sharp became more involved in the abolition of the slave trade. William Wilberforce, a member of the House of Commons and a famous abolitionist also played an important role in the campaign as he gave the blacks and the public a voice in the Parliament. He personally knew William Pitt, the prime minister, and therefore had a lot of influence in the Parliament, which helped him gain support for the campaign. In addition to the abolitionists, white working and middle class women involved themselves in the movement. Names of Mary Birkett, Hannah More, the writer of the ‘Sorrows of Yamba’ and Mary Wollstonecraft are worthy of mention. The cause of the slaves gave women the opportunity to stand up for something they believed strongly in. They, along with the men, boycotted slave-grown products like sugar, rum and cotton. That they contributed considerably to this movement is borne out by the fact that 10% of the subscriptions to the Abolition Society were women. Art and literature also played an important part in the success of the white middle class campaigns. The middle class’ targeted the educated and the Parliament through art and literature. They argued that poets such as Wordsworth and Coleridge also wrote about slavery in their works. The abolitionists cited poems like William Cowper’s ‘The Negro’s Complaint’ to convince the Parliament that if ‘enlightened’ romantics like Cowper and Wordsworth found the slave trade unacceptable, they ought to be taken seriously. Josiah Wedgewood, a potter by profession, created the Wedgwood medallion. From 1787 until his death in 1795, Wedgwood actively participated in the abolition of slavery cause. His ‘slave medallion’ with the inscriptions Am I Not a Man and a Brother, showing a black man in a supplicatory pose attracted the public’s attention. It soon became an identity of the campaign and was seen everywhere, on ornaments, tobacco pipes and hair pins. The white middle class campaigners tried to appeal to as many sections of society as possible. Their Christian teachings attracted the evangelicals; they gained mass support from the working class with their speeches and introduced the movement to the upper class and Parliament with petitions. They focused on raising awareness and their emotional arguments convinced the public to espouse the cause of the slaves. _________________ Another factor that greatly affected the abolition of the slave trade was the support of the white working class. Their support was gained through the influence of the white middle class campaigners. The working class took action by signing petitions which were sent to the Parliament. In 1788, over one hundred petitions defending African slaves were presented to the House of Commons in the span of three months. The sheer number of people who had signed these put the Parliament under pressure to comply and deliver to the masses what they wanted, for fear of revolts and rebellions. The British regime had to manage rebellions in the slave colonies of Barbados, Haiti, Cuba, America and such like and could not afford their own people revolting. The working class used mass support a means of forcing the Parliament to agree to their proposition to abolish slavery. In Manchester in 1778, 10,000 people signed a petition to the Parliament and one year later, an additional 10 thousand people signed yet another petition. In 1792, 592 letters and proposals were sent to the Government, once again urging them to take proactive measures. _______________ Because of the vital role the African slaves played in the struggle for their freedom, it could be said that their influence was most crucial to the abolition of the slave trade. Their discontentment and rebellions pushed the Parliament to consider abolition of this trade. They resisted capture and imprisonment and black mutinies, such as the infamous mutiny on the ship Amistad which carried black slaves, were not an uncommon occurrence. Many pregnant slaves preferred abortion to giving birth to a chattel slave. Very few people in Britain knew about the maltreatment of slaves until some slaves like Olaudah Equiano bought their freedom and spoke of their wretched lives in the colonies. Equiano wrote an autobiography titled ‘The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African’ in which he exposed the atrocities perpetrated on slaves, including the mass killing on the slave ship Zong. The impression he made on the British populace inspired many other black slaves to revolt and buy their freedom. Toussaint Louverture, another slave, rebelled against authorities by leading the Haitian Revolutions which put a lot of pressure on the Parliament which feared a chain reaction of similar events. The Parliament could not, however, take action because they had not yet taken a legal stance on the trade. No laws or bills had been passed to legalise the slave trade, nor had any been proposed to abolish it. The Parliament had to make a decision, which they did in 1807, and their choice to abolish the slave trade was influenced greatly by the riots and rebellions of the African slaves. _________________ In addition to reasons cited above, the economic impracticality of continuing with the slave trade contributed to its abolition, although it was relatively less important. With America becoming independent in 1776, it was no longer obliged to trade with British sugar colonies such as Barbados and Jamaica, and instead traded with the French and the Dutch. The import of sugar in Britain also decreased dramatically and was replaced by cotton, causing the textile industry during Industrial Revolution to flourish. The Industrial revolution which began in 1750 and picked up pace by the early 1800s relied on the growth of technology, therefore making manual labour redundant. These economic reasons finally gave everyone a reason to abolish the slave trade and therefore, in 1807 the first bill against slavery was passed. ________________ Of the four factors that spurred the Parliament to abolish slavery, the campaigns made by the white middle class were most important. The revolution was sparked off by the campaigners’ efforts to raise awareness of the condition of the slaves. Although the slave expressed their discontentment through revolts, they did not ruffle the feathers of the Parliament. It was not until the middle class protested against the practice that the Parliament considered abolition of the slave trade. It was the middle class’ campaigning that not only emboldened the black slaves to step up the intensity of their protests, but also swept up the support and empathy of the working class for the cause. The middle class, headed by Wilberforce, also submitted petitions to the Parliament, making them aware of the demands of the public. The middle class campaigning, however, could not have achieved what they did without the support of the masses and the persistence f the black slaves. The fact that the slave trade was not economically viable too was important and finally gave the Parliament a reason to abolish the slave trade. The Parliament had little to lose and could also support a movement that sweeping the nation and therefore, the economic factors created a big change in the Parliament’s final decision to abolish slavery, but had the white middl e class campaigners not initiated the movement, slavery may have taken a considerably long time to be eridicated and this abhorrent practice may have still been alive today. The efforts of the white middle class campaigners, the empathy of the white working class, the perseverant struggles of the African slaves and the realization by the Parliament of the economic futility of continuing with the slave trade bore fruit and the abolition act of 1833 was passed.

ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY

Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are ideo rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the dis tribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come.REFERENCECulkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles. ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are video rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the distribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come. REFERENCE Culkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles.

How Computer Encription Works How Computer Key Encryption Works essays

How Computer Encription Works How Computer Key Encryption Works essays Computer encryption is based on the science of cryptography (Tyson, 2000), which has been used since the days of the Roman Empire. Prior to the technological age, the governments used cryptography for military purposes. The existence of coded messages dates back to the Roman Empire. However, most forms of modern cryptography are based on computers, simply because a human-based code is relatively easy for a computer to crack. Encryption is a strategy used to make email messages, data files and electronic-commerce transactions secure (Ouellette, 2003). Encoded blocks of data, called keys, are used to protect the message from outside viewers while it is traveling across the Internet. When it gets to the recipient, that recipient also must use a special key that can unlock the message. Computer key encryption is a technology that has been around for decades but has only recently gained global recognition as an expedient and inexpensive way for businesses to secure their data transmissions. Key encryption, which is also known as cryptography, has gained popularity recently for three reasons: Internet and extranet growth, an accelerating electronic-commerce market and a more mobile and remote workforce. In today's global marketplace, businesses need to use the Internet and email to send vast amounts of information, including purchase orders and client data, to customers, vendors, researchers and more. However, security concerns pose a barrier to their ability to do web-based electronic commerce. Key encryption offers a solution to this problem. Most computer encryption systems fall into one of two categories (Tyson, Symmetric-key encryption Public-key encryption In symmetric-key encryption, each computer has a secret code or key that it uses to encrypt a packet of information before it is sent to another computer via a network. Symmetric-key requires that u...

5 Answers to Questions About Direct Address

5 Answers to Questions About Direct Address 5 Answers to Questions About Direct Address 5 Answers to Questions About Direct Address By Mark Nichol 1. I want to tell athletes at my school, where the mascot is a wildcat, to be proud of their team’s accomplishment. Should I write, â€Å"Be proud Wildcats† or â€Å"Be proud, Wildcats†? I see things like this written all the time without a comma, but something tells me I should include one. You’re right. Both exhortations are correct, but if you write, â€Å"Be proud Wildcats,† you’re telling your readers to be proud Wildcats. â€Å"Be proud, Wildcats† is addressed directly to the athletes; you’re telling the Wildcats to be proud. It’s a subtle difference, but the version with the comma conveys the meaning you want. Also, when pondering whether to write something the way you see it all the time, consider the source: Direct address shows up a lot in informal, conversational (and frequently careless) writing such as email messages and written notes, but in published form, a comma generally (and correctly) separates the term of address from the statement. 2. One issue that comes up in my email communication is the situation in which I am addressing a known group of families, ladies, parents, or students. If I begin my email with â€Å"Hello, Ladies,† should â€Å"Ladies† be capitalized? According to The Gregg Reference Manual, in the salutation of a letter (or an email message) a form of direct address capitalize the first word and all nouns. 3. When should familial terms like mom be capitalized? Capitalize mom and related words when the term is a form of direct address substituting for a name: You’re asking, â€Å"Can I go see a movie, Mom?† just as you would ask, â€Å"Can I go see a movie, Jane?† When you speak of your mother to another person, substituting mom for her name, the word, for the same reason, is capitalized: Compare â€Å"I asked Mom if I could go see a movie† and â€Å"I asked Jane if I could go see a movie.† But if you precede mom with a pronoun, it is a generic noun, equivalent to a designation for any other person: â€Å"I asked my mom if I could go see a movie† is equivalent to â€Å"I asked my dentist if I could go see a movie.† 4. Why is the word miss not capitalized in your example â€Å"Please, miss, can you tell me the time?† The capitalization system for addressing people by a term other than a name is confusing. The first letters of words for job and familial titles are capitalized, but titles of respect like sir and miss, as well as terms of endearment (such as dear), are styled entirely in lowercase letters. 5. In â€Å"Your majesty, his imperial highness summons the prince to the Command Council Tent,† should I change his to His? Yes, but you shouldn’t uppercase only the first letter of his. Both â€Å"your majesty† and â€Å"his imperial highness† are used as titles; thus, all those words should be initially capitalized: â€Å"Your Majesty, His Imperial Highness summons the prince to the Command Council’s tent.† Technically, because â€Å"his imperial highness† is in the third person, it should not be initial-capped unless it precedes the person’s name, but such courtesies for monarchs are often excepted from this rule. (Also, if there is an official body called the Command Council, by all means capitalize its name. However, although you would capitalize room or chamber, for example, if there were a designated space for it to meet, because of a tent’s ephemeral nature, I don’t think tent merits the same treatment. Note that in the reference to the Command Council, I’ve made that body’s name possessive.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†People versus Persons10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

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Alternative Approaches in Stress Reduction - Assignment Example Besides behavioral and cognitive methods of stress management, other approaches have been proposed for this purpose like massage therapy and diet modification. Massage not only involves manipulation of physical and functional aspects of the body, but also psychological aspects. This is achieved by reducing anxiety and depression caused due to high blood pressure. Theoretically, massage is said to act by reducing the heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates release of endorphins and serotonin, increases flow of lymph and improves sleep (Moyer, Rounds and Hannum, 2004). Enormous research has been conducted which has established a relation between dietary type and increased levels of hypertension, blood pressure, diabetes and other health ailments that are also associated with stress. Increased stress instances caused due to these health issues are found to be more in people consuming high fat and carbohydrate. Modification in food habits, like consuming food rich in protein, fiber, nutrients, calcium etc have yielded substantial results in reducing body weight, cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, and also blood pressure. Reduced salt and sugar intake have also lowered blood pressure and blood glucose. Hence, modification in diet along with reducing or eliminating risk factors such as smoking can help to a large extent in reducing stress levels (Billings,

Convertible Debentures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Convertible Debentures - Essay Example Some small companies are not able to meet the financial parameters for raising equity; thus, convertible debentures are issued instead of selling shares of stocks (Market Outbox par.3). Another motive of corporations for issuing convertible debentures is that they are able to raise equity without giving up control of ownership until such time that the debentures are converted into shares of stock. Furthermore, with debentures, the assets of the company will not be tied up unlike other forms of debt which require assets as collateral for the loan (Business Finance ,par.2). It is believed that issuing convertible debentures is a good alternative for companies who want to raise capital in short term intervals. It is win-win solution for both the issuer and the investor. It is attractive to investors because of the guaranteed interest payments and an option to convert to equity if the price of the stocks goes up. The company on the other hand is able to enjoy lower interest payments and can offer their shares at a premium based on the present value in the

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Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Architecture for Humanity is one such institute. It was started in1999 by two individuals, Cameron Sinclair and Kate Stohr, out of their entrepreneurial spirit (Sinclair, 11). The initial concept was to search for architectural remedies to some humanitarian calamities and avail design services to populations in need. They planned to create openings and avenues through which architects and designers all over the globe would respond to humanitarian catastrophes. To achieve this, they planned to work through various forums and organize various activities such as collaborations with other firms and groups, workshops and competitions. However, regardless of various undertakings since 1999, they had not succeeded in building a single structure till after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on World Trade Centre (Sinclair, 11). They had humble beginnings and for four years were working from a small office cubicle in New York that was only 4 sq. ft. Motivated by their vision of responding and alleviating the suffering of people in humanitarian crises, they undertook various activities and ventures most at times they were strained resource-wise. First, they launched a competition to design provisional housing units for refugees in Kosovo in which they planned to build few units for refugees in Kosovo. The plans went well and raised a substantial amount of cash as well as creating awareness and building new affiliations (Sinclair, 13). Though they never constructed the houses for the refugees due to restrictions by the Kosovo government, the money went to charity through another organization- War Child. Other projects they have undertaken venture include outreach program – a Programme to fight HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa through mobile clinics (Sinclair, 13). Other activities include response to both natural and artificial debacles such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophes caused by war and other human conflicts. Design Corps is

Clinical Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Clinical Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Abstract The present article evaluates various clinical applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Among scientific articles, a research was conducted by PubMed on dental application of CBCT, containing many articles in general, among which most of them were clinically about dentistry and its related analyses. Different functionalities of CBCT, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, root treatment, implantology, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, periodontics, and forensic dentistry have been indicated in a study. This review article illustrates that different CBCT indicators have been used concerning the need for certain discipline of dentistry and the kind of conducted procedure. Introduction Two-dimensional imaging techniques in dentistry have been employed since the first intraoral radiography was created in 1896. Since then, dental imaging techniques have evolved by the advent of tomography and panoramic imaging. While tomography makes it possible to divide the desired levels from an X-ray range, panoramic imaging provides a comprehensive observable image of maxillofacial structures(1). Recent developments of digital diagnostic imaging has been dealing with lower radiation doses and faster processing times, without affecting the diagnostic quality of intraoral and panoramic images. Two-dimensional images, however, have their own natural limitations (including enlargement, distortion, and folding images), which cause the structures to appear erroneously(1). Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is capable of producing 3D images, which leads to effective diagnosis, treatment, and further advances. By introducing dent alveolar imaging in 1998, CBCT could produce lower-cost and lower absorbed dose 3D data in comparison to conventional CT(2). CBCT imaging technique is based on a cone-beam X-ray, gathered on a two-dimensional recognizer, with the privilege of achieving more radiation. In contrast to the conventional CT, a parallel change from the recognizer system is not required during the spinning, which brings about a more efficient use of tube power(3). Being compared with the resultant slideshow images of the conventional CT, the cone shaped radiation spins around a certain object once (in this case was the patients head and neck) and is capable of producing hundreds of 2D images from a certain anatomical volume(4). Then, using different kinds of algorithms that are made by the Feldkamp in 1994, the images are reconstructed in a 3D observable data set(5). Compared to a common 2D radiography, CBCT has various advantages, including no folded images, measuring ratio of 1:1, no geometric distortion, and 3D demonstration. It is worth mentioning that, by using a relatively low ionic radiation, CBCT provides a 3D representation from hard tissues along with little information from soft tissues(6). Common CT systems have similar advantages (in addition to providing information on soft tissues), however, they create the image call with higher levels of ionic radiation and longer scanning time. In total, larger CT units will cause them to be a weak alternative for the Dental offices(7). Applications in oral and maxillofacialsurgery The resultant 3D CBCT images have been used to investigate the right place and the maxillofacial pathology area, as well as assessing the final impact or the additional tooth and its link with vital structures(8-23). These images have been utilized to look into the bone graft space, before and after the surgery and osteonecrosis of the jaw changes (such as those who were exposed to bisphosphonates), as well as the pathology and/or paranasal sinus defect(24-28). Moreover, CBCT technology was applied to assess patients with obstructive sleep apnea to adopt an appropriate surgery method (if required)(29). Since CBCT units were available extensively, dentists have made use of this technique increasingly to investigate maxillofacial injuries. In addition to preventing form folded images, which appear in panoramic images, CBCT made it possible to precisely measure the surface intervals, as well(30, 31). This distinct advantage caused CBCT to become an established method for the evaluation and management of mid-face lesions and orbital fractures, assessment of fracture, observation of maxillofacial bones engaged in surgery, and routing during operation along the processes that are related to gunshot(32-37). CBCT is widely used in orthognathic (orthodontic surgery) and orthmorphic surgeries, in a way that the details of intraocclusalrelationships and the display of tooth surface are vital for adding a 3D skull model. Using advanced software, CBCT made it possible to slightly observe the soft tissues and enable the dentists to control posttreatment beauty, as well as assessing the outline of lips and bone area of the palate in patients with palatal split(38-43). Applications in root treatment While several studies have shown that high contrast CBCT images could be used to distinguish between apical granuloma and apical cysts with measuring dental trauma, yet CBCT imaging is an applicable tool for the diagnosis of periapical injuries(44-46). Other scholars use CBCT as a useful tool to classify the origin of damages, including root or non-root origin, which indicates another period of the treatment(47). The reliability of theses labels (root or non-root) are doubtful. Consequently, they are the foundation of demand on (more) non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of damages that are usually detected through non-invasive processes. Several clinical sample reports have concentrated on using high resolution CBCT images to diagnose the vertical fractures of the root(45, 46, 48, 49). CBCT is considered a salient technique for periapical radiographs in diagnosing root vertical fractures, measurement of dentin fracture depth, and detecting the root vertical fracture(50, 51). CBCT imaging has made the early diagnosis of inflammatory root resorption possible, which is slightly detectable by 2D radiography(52, 53). As well as detecting the root and cervical root resorption (internal and external), CBCT is also capable of recognizing the extent and progress of the injury(54-58). CBCT could be used to identify the number and morphogenesis of roots and their related canals (both main and supplementary), and also determine the functional length, type, and angle size(54-56). CBCT performs a more accurate evaluation of root canal resorption than 2D imaging(48). It also applies in identifying the extent of pulp in talon cusp and the position of damaged tools(59, 60). Due to its simplicity and precision, CBCT is utilized in canal preparation with different tool techniques, as well(61, 62). CBCT is a pre-operation tool for figuring out the proximity of tooth to the adjacent vital structures, make the surface anatomy right size and cause extent determination to become possible(63-65). In emergency cases after the injury, in which it is vital to recognize the desired tooth status, CBCT images could help dentistry with a selection of the best treatment methods(66, 67). Applications in dental implants As the need for dental implant, as an alternative to the lost tooth, increased helping the treatment plan and avoiding the damage to vital adjacent surfaces during the operation requires for a technique to get the right cavity and measure the position of implant. Previously, such measurement was generally provided by 2D radiographs (in special cases) that was obtained through conventional CTs. CBCT, however, is an appropriate option for dental implant, which in comparison with 2D images, provides more precision in measurement and lower radiation dose at the same time(68-80). The new software lowers the chance of improper settling of accessories and damaged anatomic structures(81-84). CBCT decreases the implant failure by providing information on bone density and cavity shapes, as well as the height and width of the proposed implanting space for patient(85, 86). CBCT does not calculate the Hounsfield scale accurately; hence, the number of bone density through this technique could not be vertical through a group of CBCT units or patients. However, the effect of CBCT in measuring and evaluating the cavity shapes has brought about the selected improvements. By a prior notice about the complications, which could occur during a proposed treatment, the plan can be designed in a way that resolves them or results in an alternative treatment. CBCT is usually used in post-operation evaluation to assess the bone graft and implant position in the cavity(79). Orthodontics applications Orthodontics, in introducing qualitative software of evaluation such as Dolphin (Dolphin ]maging Management Solutions) and In Vivo Dental (Anatomage), enables the dentists to fully exploit the CBCT images for cephalometric analysis. Moreover, it is an appropriate tool for investigating the amount of facial growth, age, function of respiratory tract, and disrupting the destruction of tooth(87-92). CBCT is a reliable tool to evaluate the amount of damaged tooth proximity to the vital structure, which could interrupt the orthodontic procedure(93, 94). When the mini-implant[1] is required as a temporary holder, CBCT provides the observable guidelines for accurate and safe installation and thus, accidental and fatal injuries could be avoided(95-97). Accordingly, the evaluation of bone density before, during, and after the treatment indicates that whether or not the injury has decreased or remained unchanged(98, 99). CBCT illustrates different aspects of maxillofacial complications in one scan. In addition to 3D structure of skeleton bones, it enables the dentist to access anterior, crowns, and axial images. These images could be turned to allow the dentist to observe patterns and various angles of the image, including those that are not available in 2D radiography(100, 101). CBCT images are capable of auto-correction for enlargements and creating vertical images by measurement ratio of 1:1. Consequently, CBCT is more accurate than panoramic and conventional 2D images(102). Applications in TMJ disorders TMJ (temporomandibular joints) diagnostic images are vital for to accurately detect diseases and joints malfunction. According to Tsiklakis et al., though CT is easily available, it is not prevalent in dentistry due to high required costs and doses. Examining the right linking space and position of condyle in the cavity has been made possible by CBCT, which is a tool for showing probable dislocation in a connecting disk(103). CBCT precision and lack of folded images make the measurement of the roof of the glenoid fossa and observation of soft tissue around TMJ possible, which can provide a practical diagnosis and eliminate the need for MRI(104-106). According to Tsiklakis et al., MRI â€Å"is one of the most useful tests since it provides images from both soft and bone tissues†(103). While MRI is recommended for evaluation of TMJ soft tissues, CBCT has lower radiation dose. However, it is emphasized that CBCT technique, unlike CT and MRI, does not reveal the details of soft tissues. The aforementioned advantages made the CBCT the best imaging tool for incurred injuries, fibrous ankylosis, pain, dysfunction, cortex erosion of Cortical condyle, and cyst(107-109). Applications in periodontics As Vandenberghe et al. believe, 2D radiography is the most prevalent imaging used in the bone morphology, such as a defect in periodontal bones. The limitations of 2D radiography, as a result of probable errors and misconceptions in indentifying reliable reference anatomic points, forced dentists to estimate the amount of lost or existing bone(110). These findings approve the observations achieved by Misch, in which the 2D radiography is for identification of alterations in bone level or the architecture of inefficient bone defect(111). CBCT provides an accurate measurement of intrabony defects, by which doctors are able to assess the amount of rupture, valve defects, and periodontal cyst(112-114). While CBCT and 2D radiography are compatible with revealing interproximal defects, it is only the 3D images, such as CBCT, that are able to illustrate the buccal and lingual defects(115). To obtain the details of morphologic of bone features, CBCT is used with precision as the direct measurement with a periodontal probe(110, 111). Moreover, CBCT could be utilized to express the performance derived from periodontal defects and enable the doctors to assess the results of post-periodontal surgeries(115). Application in forensic dentistry Age estimation is one of the significant aspects of forensic dentistry. In this process, is it vital for doctors to be capable of estimating the age of every person in a legal system (including those who have passed away). This is one of the specific cases in Europe and as Yang et al. declared in 2006, â€Å"every year thousands of under-aged people flee over the all European countries with no formal ID card to find a shelter and protection. On top of this, most of the crimes are committed by people, who seem to be under-aged. In either case, it is necessary to determine the chronological age and fill them in documents, similar to those we have seen in Belgian that are under-aged and want to enjoy ethnic and social benefits.† The text of the present article was published for age estimation in line with the relationship between tooth change and age. The tooth enamel, beyond a natural cover, is extremely safe against such major alterations. However, as the age raise the pulp com plex (dentin, cementum, and pulp) illustrates the physiological and pathological changes(116). Usually, the extraction and section cut is required to identify morphological changes, which are not always observable. Nevertheless, CBCT is a non-aggressive alternative. Discussion Since late 1990s, when this method entered dentistry, CBCT scanners have shown substantial advances in medicine and maxillofacial imaging(117). This review article indicated that recent articles were conducted on CBCT, most of which were designated to clinical applications. Most of these articles are about oral and maxillofacial surgery, root treatment, dental implant, and orthodontics. CBCT has limited functionality in restorative dentistry, which is due to its higher radiation dose than 2D radiography and its incapability in providing additional diagnostic information. Moreover, these researches are mostly in the field of restorative dentistry for exploring various privileges of CBCT. Although this review did not assess any related articles to prosthetic applications of 3D scanners, yet the standard surveillances that were conducted in prosthetic treatment could be contingent to the use of CBCT with other dental specialties. For instance, dental implant prosthetic, maxillofacial prosthetic, and TMD evaluation are applicable, which in turn by unifying the resultant data of patients with treatment plan can increase the success of prosthetic treatment. CBCT images embrace issues with medical complications, especially in cases that several teeth and bone levels should be evaluated. New CBCT systems can be utilized in specific dentistry applications. They have higher resolution power, as well as lower exposure and cost in comparison to the prior existing systems. While CBCT has various advantages over 2D radiography, there are natural limitations to this technique that require more precise consideration in the selection of criteria and indices. For example, CBCT is sensitive to removable dentures (including removable dentures peculiar to CT technology) and stiffener bars around a compact object. Overall, CBCT has low contrast and limited strength in viewing internal soft tissues. Most modern CBCT units have flat panel detectors, which are mostly inclined to the bar of stiffening artifacts and are able to provide more information. However, due to the lack of compatibility between artifacts, CBCT is not capable of precise HU measurements; therefore the bone density measurement is not reliable. We believe it is vital to take the principle of â€Å"As Low As Reasonably Achievable†, (ALARA), into consideration. The belief should not be mistakenly interpreted as a reason to avoid the use of high dose CBCT units, which provide us with credible information. There is no tough protocol concerning when the technology must be used and every dentist, oral radiologist and neuroradiologist, must actively assess his/her operational protocols. Image resolution needs an extensive knowledge of anatomy in the fields, which are commonly the domain of dentistry and neuroradiology. Accurate knowledge and experience is required for the clarification of scanned data that determines why imaging is needed. Also the clarification of implicit findings is illustrated, which are explicit in the scan beyond the common scopes of dentistry, including disorders that can be observed in any adjacent area. The fact that CBCT promotes the specialized knowledge and improves the standards of dental care is something that dentists must define case by case. Such an evaluation calls for continuous training and education for dentists and scholars. The recent upsurge in the popularity of CBCT caused many units with low variation (sometimes important though) to be resulted in uncontrolled and unobserved report of the radiation amount. This unapproved report could be due to the limited technological knowledge of medical imaging apparatus in the new units. In response, the academy of European dentistry and maxillofacial radiography has established basic principles for dental applications of CBCT. Summary Based on what has been proposed in this article, most dental CBCT applications are for oral and maxillofacial surgery specialists, root treatment, dental implant, and orthodontics. CBCT test should not be taken unless it is necessary and do more good than harm. While using this method, the whole image dataset (which is a radiology report from a dental surgeon, neurologist, or a general radiologist familiar with the head and neck anatomy) should be assessed completely to maximize the resultant clinical data and make sure that every significant implicit finding were reported. Further researches should be concentrated on the resultant accurate data regarding doses of CBCT systems in which they comprise of a size detector and a background, limited from the scanned volume and sight. CBCT systems with larger background and less metal artifacts for orthodontic and orthognathic surgeries are not available yet. Further evaluations are required for better determination of CBCT applications in forensic dentistry. [1] Implant with less than 3 millimeter diameter